Linux / Unix tutorial for beginners
Bioinformatics, Online, 2022
Linux is a family of free and open-source operating systems based on the Linux kernel. Operating systems based on Linux are known as Linux distributions or distros. Examples include Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora, CentOS, Gentoo, Arch Linux, and many others.
The Linux kernel has been under active development since 1991, and has proven to be extremely versatile and adaptable. You can find computers that run Linux in a wide variety of contexts all over the world, from web servers to cell phones. Today, 90% of all cloud infrastructure and 74% of the world’s smartphones are powered by Linux.
However, newcomers to Linux may find it somewhat difficult to approach, as Linux file systems have a different structure than those found on Windows or MacOS. Additionally, Linux-based operating systems depend heavily on working with the command line interface, while most personal computers rely on graphical interfaces.
This guide serves as an introduction to important command line concepts and skills and equips newcomers to learn more about Linux.
Linux Index
Introduction about the Unix / Linux
Unix is a computer Operating System which is capable of handling activities from multiple users at the same time. The development of Unix started around 1969 by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie.
Listing files and Directories
When you first login, your current working directory is your home directory. Your home directory has the same name as your user-name, for example, student-data, and it is where your personal files and subdirectories are saved.
Copies, moving and removing of files
Grep is a Linux / Unix command-line tool used to search for a string of characters in a specified file. The text search pattern is called a regular expression. When it finds a match, it prints the line with the result.
Input-Output Redirection
In Linux, each process has three communication channels: standard input, standard output, and standard error. These communication channels help users interact with the processes on a Linux system
Linux Wildcards
A wildcard in Linux means it might be a symbol or set of symbols representing other characters. It is generally used in substituting any string or a character. Wildcards are mainly used to increase the efficiency and flexibility of searches in Linux.
Linux File Access Permissions
Most file systems include attributes of files and directories that control the ability of users to read, change, navigate, and execute the contents of the file system.
Linux Useful commands
Learn how to check disk space in Linux using the df and du command, including available disk space, used disk space and total disk space. we also learn compress utility which reduces the size of files using adaptive Lempel-Ziv coding. Each file is renamed to the same name plus the extension .Z.
Compiling UNIX software packages
The Unix command for compiling C code is gcc. This is a compiler from Gnu for Linux. If you are using a Unix machine like Solaris you may need to use the command cc.) When you compile your program the compiler produces a file containing binary code which is directly readable by the machine you are on.
UNIX Variables
Variables are a way of passing information from the shell to programs when you run them. Programs look in the environment
for particular variables and if they are found will use the values stored. Some are set by the system, others by you, yet others by the shell, or any program that loads another program.